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author: Rostyslav Barabash

Urgency of the research. The article argues that xenophobia and racism have their origins in the philosophy of nihilism. The latter is characterized by the dominance of a monologue subject-centric paradigm of thinking, where the Other always appears as an Alien. Accordingly, the destructive energy of nihilism is aimed at the annihilation of the Alien. These and similar negative phenomena that occur in modern society always find a social basis for their development. The tendency of crime on the basis of discrimination is growing rapidly, so xenophobia and racism are one of the most important and acute problems not only at the applied political but also at the theoretical and philosophical level.

Target setting. Today, the problem of xenophobia and racism is not only a socio-political, but also a worldview problem of the I-Other relationship. With each passing year, the number of foreigners living in different countries is growing. The reasons for these phenomena are the increase in economic and social problems in society, the ineffective policy on the prevention of such phenomena in the youth trend, which is declining.

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The phenomenon of nihilism, which affects various spheres of human life, is considered in the works of A. Pigalev, T. Liutyi, A. Mikhailov, E. Se-verino, V. Savchuk, M. Siruk, P. Smirnov. Such scientists as O. Bandurka, M. Kroz, A. Gabiani, N. Ratinova, Y. Gilinsky, O. Dzhuzha, P. Sloterdaik, A. Zakalyuk, D. Kobzin and others were engaged in research of a problem of distribution of racism and xenophobia.

The research objective. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive theoretical analysis of xenophobia and racism in the light of the philosophy of nihilism, the study of issues in the context of finding effective and realistic ways to prevent and prevent this phenomenon.

The statement of basic material. At the heart of nihilism is the problem of the Self-Other relationship, the monologue of the autonomous, self-contained, narcissistic self-subject who objectifies the world and other people around him, does not perceive the difference, "otherness" in all its manifestations. The nihilistic attitude is set up for the perception of the Other as an enemy of the Alien, the destruction of everything that is not like the Self.

Conclusions. The provisions set out in the article on the cultural and psychological causes of racism and xenophobia only partially outline the broad and deep layer of deviantogenic social problems. Further areas of research are seen in expanding the understanding of the criminogenic determinative role of various forms of social consciousness, their states and configurations, the relationship with cultural, political and legal changes, changes in discourse and more.

Keywords. Xenophobia, racism, Other, Alien, nihilism, monologue, dialogicity.

References:

1. Brodel, F 2006. ‘Materialnaya civilizaciya, ekonomika i kapitalizm, XV-XVIII (Material civilization, economics and capitalism, XV-XVIII)’, v 3 t., T.1. “Struktury povsednevnosti: vozmozhnoe i nevozmozhnoe”, 2-e izd., Moskva: Ves Mir, 592 s.

2. Beron, R & Richardson, D 2001. Agressiya (Aggression), Piter, 352 s.

3. Berdyayev, N 1989. Filosofiya svobody. Smysl Tvorchestva (Philosophy of freedom. The meaning of creativity), Moskva: Pravda, 690 s.

4. Valdentfels, B 1995. ‘Svoya kultura i chuzhaya kultura. Paradoks nauki o “Chuzhom” (Your own culture and someone else's culture. The paradox of the science of “Alien”)’, per. s nem. O. Kubanovoj, Logos: filos.-lit. Zhurnal, № 6, 109 s.

5. Istoriya filosofiyi. Slovnik (History of philosophy. Dictionary) 2012. Kiyiv: Znannya Ukrayini, 2-ge vid., pererob., za zag. red. d. f. n., prof. V. I. Yaroshovcya, 1087 s.

6. Kroz, MV & Ratinova, NA 2005. ‘Socialno-psihologicheskie i pravovye aspekty ksenofobii (Socio-psychological and legal aspects of xenophobia)’, Asademia, 52 s.

7. Lyutij, TV 2002. Nigilizm: anatomiya Nisho (Nihilism: anatomy Nothing), Kiyiv: Parapan, 296 s.

8. Lyutij, TV 2021. “Dvijnik”. Pro prirodu dublyuvannya i mnozhinnosti (“Double”. On the nature of duplication and multiplicity), Vihola, 272 s.

9. Levinas, E 2000. Izbrannoe: Totalnost i beskonechnoe (Selected: Totality and infinity), per. Vdovina, IS & Dubin, BV, Moskva; SPb.: Kulturnaya iniciativa: Universitetskaya kniga, 344 s.

10. Martin, Buber 2012. Ya i ti. Shlyah lyudini za hasidskim vchennyam (Me and you. The way of man according to the Hasidic teachings), per. z nim., Kiyiv: Duh i litera, 272 s.

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12. Rorti, R 1998. Obretaya nashu stranu: politika levyh v Amerike XX veka (Finding our country: the policy of the left in America in the XX century), per. s angl. Hestanova, IV & Hestanov, RZ, Moskva: Dom intellektualnoj knigi, 354 s.

13. Sloterdajk, P 2002. Kritika cinichnogo rozumu (Critique of the cynical mind), pereklad z nimeckoyi Andriya Bogachova, Kiyiv: Tandem, 544s.

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15. Hajdegger, M 1993. ‘Evropejskij nigilizm (European nihilism)’, v kn. Hajdegger M. Vremya i bytie, Moskva: Respublika, s. 63-176.

16. Habermas, Yu 2000. Moralnoe soznanie i kommunikativnoe dejstvie (Moral consciousness and communicative action), per. s nem. pod red. D. V. Sklyadneva, poslesl. B. V. Markova, Moskva: Nauka, 380 s.

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author: Oleksandr Obiedkov

Urgency of research. Transhuma-nism is a fairly new direction for a number of scientific disciplines. Given the conditions in which the world finds itself in the XXI century, the above-mentioned idea is almost the main characteristic that describes in detail the formation of a new type of humanity. Transhumanism plays a significant role in understanding the phenomena of social life, helps to determine the real place of man in the system of modern worldview paradigms. In addition, globalization, the rapid development of science and the impact of the fourth industrial revolution, also known as "Industry 4.0", have left a serious mark on the essence of man, his character and values.
Transhumanism is gradually advancing in the life of the individual, but its basic postulates are perceived quite ambiguously.

Target setting. This topic has remained urgent in recent decades. Research in philosophy, sociology and number of other disciplines often converge at the point where each of them is forced to address the question of the fate of man, in the formation of which, both mental and physical, began to play a major role the various technologies. New direction of scientific thought, namely transhumanism, has emerged as the answer to these questions.

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Number of well-known domestic and foreign scientists have tried to reveal the essence of transhumanism, to analyze its benefits or to identify its potential dangers. To understand the philosophical and ethical aspects of this issue, a considerable set of scientific works was written. The works of N. Bostrom, G. Moravec, R. Kurzweil, J. Huxley, M. More, S. Fuller, J. Harris, A. Buchanan, and R. Sparrow deserve special attention. It is also necessary to thank Ukrainian scientific research. We are talking about the scientific articles of M. A. Ozhevan, V. V. Okorokova, M. L. Shumka, N. B. Kapustina, and L. O. Popsuenko, as well as the thesis of S. S. Denezhnikov. Particular attention should be paid to the views of the philosopher F. Fukuyama, who is one of the most famous critics of the idea of transhumanism.

The research objective. To answer the question of what exactly is transhumanism, we must begin with the preconditions for its emergence and explore in detail what path this paradigm has taken and determine its current state. Also, it is worth paying attention to the views of adherents and critics who have studied this phenomenon. And in the end, to determine whether transhumanism is the right way to truly improve the lives of humanity or another difficult test for our planet. The fundamental ideas of transhumanism were first proposed by a British biochemist J. Haldane. In his 1923 essay "Daedalus; or Science and the Future" he describes how scientific and technological discoveries can change society and improve the human condition. In this work, he predicted that the implementation of advanced sciences to human biology would bring great benefits.
These views inspired another researcher, who is still associated with the birth of transhumanism, namely J. Huxley, who first used the term "Transhumanism" in his work. Under it, Huxley understood humanity’s awareness of the need for self-improvement, or directed revolution.

Conclusions. The idea of transhumanism will be constantly implemented in each sphere of modern society. In the coming decades, thanks to technological progress, the latest scientific fields that will be formed through NBIC-convergence, man will move away from his standard nature, change his mental potential, behavioral component, value system. In terms of evolution, this is probably the way forward. However, we should not forget that man himself is an emotional, irrational being, and the total implementation of the works of the technological world will devastate him, turning it into a mechanism incapable of loving and sacrificing, having and carrying moral and aesthetic values. One way or another, the introduction of the idea of transhumanism requires a compromise between its adherentsf and supporters of conservative views on the social essence of the individual.

Keywords: transhumanism, the fourth industrial revolution, artificial intelligence, individual, N. Bostrom, Humanity+, NBIC-convergence, F. Fukuyama

References:

1. Dolbnya, MR & Goncharova, OO 2020. ‘Transgumanizm yak napryamok filosofskih doslidzhen (Transhumanism as a direction of philosophical research)’, Filosofski ta kulturologichni problemi lyudstva ochima studentstva: zb. materialiv III Vseukr. stud. nauk.-prakt. konf. (m. Mikolayiv, 17 kvitnya 2020 r.), Mikolayiv, s. 119-123. Dostupno: <http://www.nuos.edu.ua/upload/iblock/25c/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%20%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%972020.pdf> [25 Lipen 2021].

2. Okorokova, VV 2019. ‘Futurologichni zasadi koncepciyi transgumanizmu (Futurological principles of the concept of transhumanism)’, Gileya: naukovij visnik, Vip. 140 (2), s. 66-69. Dostupno: <http://nbuv.gov.ua/UJRN/gileya_2019_140%282%29__16>. [25 Lipen 2021].

3. Shumka, M & Shandruk, I 2014. ‘Transformaciya gumanistichnih idej v suchasnosti (Transformation of humanistic ideas in the present)’, Svitoglyadni ta sociokulturni zasadi formuvannya modernoyi ukrayinskoyi naciyi: shorich. nauk. pr., vidp. za vip. TV, Goncharuk, Ternopil : TNEU, 25 s.

4. Bostrom, N 2003. ‘Transhumanist FAQ: A General Introduction’, Version 2.1. Faculty of philosophy, Oxford University, 56 p. Available from: <https://www.nickbostrom.com/views/transhumanist.pdf>. [22 July 2021].

5. Bostrom, N 2005. ‘Transhumanist values’, In Review of contemporary philosophy, Vol. 4, № 1-2, p. 87-101. Available from: <https://www.nickbostrom.com/ethics/values.html>. [25 July 2021].

6. Daedalus; or, Science and the Future 1924. E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., a paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on 4 February 1923 by J. B. S. Haldane. Available from: <http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html>. [22 July 2021].

7. Fukuyama, F 2004. ‘Transhumanism – The world’s most dangereous idea’, Special report. Foreign policy. Available from: <https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/23/transhumanism/>. [25 July 2021].

8. Huxley, J 1957. ‘New Bottles for New Wine’, London: Chatto & Windus, 600 p. Available from: <https://archive.org/details/NewBottlesForNewWine/page/n333/mode/2up>. [25 July 2021].

9. More, M 1990. Transhumanism. Towards a Futurist Philosophy. Available from: <http://web.archive.org/web/20130806172107/http:/www.maxmore.com:80/transhum.htm>. [22 July 2021].

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Category: Uncategorised

author: Maksym Kolesnichenko

Urgency of the research. Dynamics of the processes of social differentiation both within countries and in the international arena (between countries) encourages theorists and practitioners to more intensively seeking of compromises in the interaction of various structural components of societies in order to conflict-free development, to achieve a certain cohesion in society. Under these conditions, the scientific discourse on the issue is an effective tool for forming models of social cohesion.

Target setting. Social cohesion is an important factor in the social development of all countries of the contemporary world, so issues such as elucidating its nature, its content and the peculiarities of its functioning in various socio-political and socio-cultural contexts are in the focus of foreign scientific discourse. The article reproduces its trajectory and vision of the actors of foreign scientific discourse of the influence of this phenomenon on social processes.

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The of well-known researchers from the United States, Canada, Germany, France, Australia (Charles Cooley, William McDougall, Leon Festinger, Kurt Back, Stanley Schakhtar, John French, Bertram Raven, Irving Janis, Sharon Jeannote, Joseph Stokes, Caroline Beauvais, Christian Larsen, Judith Maxwell, Kurt Levin, Dorwin Cartwright, Jane Jenson, Albert Lott, Bernice Lott, Mark Granovetter, Life Braaten, Xavier Fonseca, Stefan Lukosch, Francis Brasier and others) focuse on the following issues: defining the content of the concept of social cohesion; mutual loyalty and solidarity; strength of social relations and common values; sense of belonging to a group (community); trust between individuals of society (community); reduction of inequality and alienation in society; methodology for measuring its levels and the interaction of various factors influencing its dynamics, etc.

The research objective. The main goal is to clarify the origins of the discourse on social cohesion in foreign scientific space, to reproduce its dynamics in modern conditions, to identify its key topics and to some extent to outline its prospects, as well as to analyze the contribution of foreign authors to its development.

The statement of basic materials. It is proposed to consider foreign scientific discourse in two historical periods - from the 1890s to the 90s of the last century and from the 1990s to the present. Important features of each of the periods of the discourse are distinguished: the beginning of the discourse was laid by the works of French scientists Émile Durkheim and Gustave Le Bon; philosophers, social psychologists, sociologists from the USA and European countries became active researchers of the problem; the attention of researchers is focused primarily on the social essence of social and public relations between members of small groups, which, in the end, formed a significant part of the research field; the analyzed researches laid the basis for determining the content of both the phenomenon itself and the term by which it is defined; in the course of the discourse the criteria of influence on the dynamics of the content of social cohesion and on the role of this phenomenon in the conflict-free social development were determined.

Conclusions. The discourse on the phenomenon of social cohesion in foreign scientific space began at the end of the 19th century. Later, researchers from different countries (USA, Canada, Australia, France, Germany and other European countries) actively joined him. Recently, foreign scientific discourse has intensified around the following problems: characteristic features of the functioning of the phenomenon in certain social conditions; factors influencing the formation of its content; topics such as methodology, technology and research techniques are actively included in the research field; social cohesion in ethnically diversified societies; the role of social and cultural capital in social cohesion; the impact of the interaction of citizenship and national (ethnic) identity in polyethnic countries, with special emphasis on the bearers of the so-called immigrant identity.

Keywords: social cohesion, foreign scientific discourse, periods of scientific discourse, measurement of social cohesion, factors influencing the dynamics of social cohesion.

References:

1. Etimologiya (Etymology) (n.d). Material z Vikipediyi - vilnoyi enciklopediyi. Dostupno: <https://www.uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etimologiya> [26 Lipen 2021].

2. Zhulenova, O 2020. ‘Osoblivosti zmini gromadsko-teritorialnoyi identichnosti naselennya Ukrayini pid chas pandemiyi COVID-19 (Peculiarities of change of public-territorial identity of the population of Ukraine during the COVID-19 pandemic)’, Ukrayinske suspilstvo: monitoring socialnih zmin, Vipusk 7 (21), Kiyiv: Institut sociologiyi NAN Ukrayini, 546 s.

3. Orzhel, OYu 2012. Konceptualni pidhodi do viznachennya socialnogo zgurtuvannya (Conceptual approaches to the definition of social cohesion). Dostupno: <https://www.dridu.dp.ua/zbirnik/2012-01(7)/1200yvsz.pdf> [26Lipen 2021].

4. ‘Sotsial’nyi (Social)’ 1978. Slovnik ukrayinskoyi movi, v 11 tomah. Tom 9, s. 476.

5. Beauvais, Caroline & Jenson, Jane 2002. ‘Social сohesion: Updating the state of the research’, Canadian Policy Research Networks, 62 p. Available from: <https://www.socialcohesion.info/fileadmin/user_upload/Beauvais_Jenson_02.pdf> [20 July 2021].

6. Berger-Schmidt, R 2000. ‘Social cohesion as an aspect of the quality of societies: Concept and measurement’ European Union Reporting Working Paper. № 14. Mannheim: Center for Survey Research and Methodology, 31 p. Available from: <https://www.gesis.org/fileadmin/upload/dienstleistung/daten/soz_indikatoren/eusi/paper14.pdf> [20 July 2021].

7. Braaten, Leif 1991. ‘Group сohesion: A new multidimensional model’, Group 15, p. 39–55. Available from: <https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01419845> [15 July 2021].

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10. Cooley, Charles 1909. Primary groups. Social organization: A study of the larger mind, New York, NY: Charles Scribner’s Sons, p. 23–31. Available from: <https://brocku.ca/MeadProject/Cooley/Cooley_1909/Cooley_1909_03.html> [07 July 2021].

11. Durkheim, Émile 1966. Suicide: a study in sociology, New York: The Free Press, 405 p.

12. Fonseca, Xavier, Lukosch, Stephan & Brazier, Frances 2018.‘Social cohesion revisited: a new definition and how to characterize it’. Available from: <https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2018.1497480> [07 July 2021].

13. French and Raven’s five forms of power “Understanding where power comes from in the workplace”. Available from: <https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/ newLDR_56.htm> [29 July 2021].

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15. Granovetter, Mark S 1973. ‘The strength of weak ties’, American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 78, № 6, p. 1360–1380. Available from: <http://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs224w-readings/granovetter73weakties.pdf> [28 July 2021].

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17. Jeannotte, Sharon 2003. ‘Singing alone? The contribution of cultural capital to social cohesion and sustainable communities’, International Journal of Cultural Policy, Vol. 9, № 1, p. 35–49. Available from: <https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228499276_Singing_Alone_The_Contribution_of_Cultural_Capital_to_Social_Cohesion_and_Sustainable_Communities> [29 July 2021]

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Category: Uncategorised

authors: Oleksandr Brodetskyi, Iryna Horokholinska

Urgency of the research. The mental, ideological and social risks and hybrid ideological and geopolitical attacks that Ukraine is facing (and in which the religious factor is often used) confirm the advisability of understanding and using the security functions of religious studies (in particular, their educational importance justifying).

Target setting. The progress of society largely depends on the willingness to consciously relate to the issues of identity, freedom, responsibility, criticality and, at the same time, openness to dialogue and communication of identities. This is one of the prerequisites to anticipate a number of dangers. Religious studies play a special role here, although the level of awareness of this in Ukrainian society and in education management is still insufficient.

Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The discourse of such authors is analyzed: V. Rubskyi; C. Ives and J. Kidwell; R. Ysseldyk, K. Matson, H. Anisman; A. Kolodnyi; R. Bicer; V. Khromets; Cyril Hovorun.

The research objective. The article purpose: argumentation of the religious studies security opportunities and their role in education and in the forming of individuals' reliable immunity against the risks of socio-ideological manipulation and the ability to implement harmonious, humanistic, responsible communication.

The statement of basic materials. The study consider a number of risks facing modern society (both globally and in Ukraine). It is analyzed the cognitive-methodological and value possibilities of religious studies and their ability to increase the security potential in society. The authors reveal the prerequisites for effective and heuristic realization of such potential through the functioning of religious studies in education (especially higher education).

Conclusions. A high-quality religious education is valuable, as it gives adequate picture of the socio-cultural dynamics of the values sanctified by religions; dialogism and, at the same time, the competition of various axiological visions of the society and its norms arrangement. Such a skill is a lever of adequate self-determination in the global public space. The value-based profitability and security functionality of religious education (or religious studies elements in education) largely depends both on the optimization of managerial strategies in education and on the religious studiers willingness to improve the methodological and heuristic effectiveness of religious studies educational content.

Key words: religious studies, theology, worldview sciences, security possibilities, identity, polyconfessionality, dialogue.

References:

1. Hovorun, K 2019. Politichne pravoslav’ya: doktrina, sho rozdilyaye Cerkvu (Political Orthodoxies: the doctrine that separate the Church), Kiyiv: Duh i litera, 152 s.

2. Kolodnij, A 2020. Fenomen religiyeznavstva (The phenomenon of religious studies), Kiyiv: Interservis, 248 s.

3. Rubskij, BM 2019. Svitoglyad yak model realnosti: funkcionalno-substitutivnij pidhid (Worldview as a model of reality: the functional-substantival approach), Odesa: KUPRIYeNKO SV, 427 s.

4. Khromec, V 2019. Bogoslovska osvita v Ukrayini: religijnij i svitskij kontekst (Theological education in Ukraine: secular and religious context), Kiyiv: Duh i litera, 312 s.

5. Bicer, R 2010. The Value of the Religious Knowledge in the Formation of Faith’, Kelam Araştirmalari, 8 (1), рp. 77-92.

6. Ives, CD & Kidwell, J 2019. ‘Religion and Social Values for Sustainability’, Sustain Sci, 14, pр. 1355–1362.

7. Ysseldyk, R, Matheson, K & Anisman, H 2010. ‘Religiosity as Identity: Toward an Understanding of Religion From a Social Identity Perspective’, Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14 (1), pp. 60-71.

8. Tony Blair Institute for Global Change 2020. Covid-19: Guide for Governments Working with Religious Leaders to Support Public-Health Measures. 15 p. Available at: <https://institute.global/sites/default/files/inline-files/Tony%20Blair%20Institute%2C%20Working%20With%20Religious%20Leaders%20to%20Support%20Public%20Health%20Measures.pdf> [19 July 2021].