authors: Nadiіa Marynets, Volodymyr Pugachov, Olha Balynska
Urgency of the research. The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of human existence in modern realities. The concepts of “philosophy”, “ontology”, “metaphysics”, “being”, “man” are analyzed. The main difference between the terms “individuality” and “personality” is highlighted. Philosophy as a science of knowledge of the world, its divisions, and functional purpose are examined in detail.
Target setting. The main focus was on ontology and its structural components (being, problems of world perception). A thorough analysis of existence as a philosophical component, phenomenon, and matter was carried out and its main levels (dynamic, system-hierarchical, multi-level, evolutionary-demonstration), form (human existence, spiritual existence, states of nature, things, etc.) were highlighted.
Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. The aspect of the genesis of the content of being in different periods is studied: ancient (according to Parmenides, Democritus, Plato, Aristotle); medieval (A. Aurelius, R. Bacon, T. Aquinas, V. Occam); in the works of classical philosophers of the New Age (R. Descartes, B. Spinoza, J. Locke, G. Leibniz) and the Modern period (M. Hartmann, M. Scheler, K. Jaspers, M. Gabriel, J.-P. Sartre). The problem of the primacy of metaphysics or being is taken into account, because discussions on this matter continue even now.
The research objective. The main problems of modern existence, the need to review and transform values and guidelines are substantiated. The analysis and systematization of the rights clearly stated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the European Convention on Human Rights (1950), and the Constitution of Ukraine (1996) were carried out. The real effectiveness of international organizations for the protection of rights and freedoms (the United Nations, the Council of Europe) has been considered and the overall legal picture of the current world has been traced.
The statement of basic materials. Attention is drawn to the fact that a person lives in society, not isolated from others. The knowledge of being a separate individual will be directly influenced by different individuals with their cultural and value orientations, stereotypes. The issue of the relationship between man and society was taken into account in the article (social and cultural philosophy, legal, political, etc.). The problem of the meaning of human life, the ratio of freedoms and responsibilities is separately investigated.
Conclusions. On the basis of philosophical literature, the leading ideas, concepts regarding the understanding of human existence and all categories, considerations regarding his problems in today's realities are outlined; the need for qualitative renewal of rights in Ukraine and at the international level; the influence of society on the formation of individuality and the understanding of the meaning of life; the level of research of all aspects of this topic is substantiated.
Key words: philosophy, ontology, metaphysics, being, man, rights, freedom, responsibility.
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