authors: Olha Potishchuk, Natalia Franko, Maryna Storozhyk
Relevance of the research. The relevance of the research topic lies in the fact that the development of productive thinking is today a decisive factor in the development of society. Consideration of rationality as a form of thinking, either from the point of view of logic, or the historical development of scientific knowledge, or the solution of philosophical and worldview issues, will outline the necessary direction of research. Rationality appears as a higher cultural value, its consideration in the socio-cultural dimension will provide an opportunity to realize its various types, which correspond to different spheres of human social life, such as scientific activity, philosophy, art, and ultimately, to determine its role in human life as a certain norm of human behavior, organization of human activity, as a necessary reference point for a person in the world. The problem of rationality as a philosophical understanding of the organization of human and society's vital activity, cognitive and transformative practices, rationality of knowledge has been and remains important in philosophy and the main one in scientific activity.
Problem statement. The philosophical understanding of the problem of rationality is closely related to a person's awareness of his existence, the meaning of being, cognitive abilities, and knowledge. Rationality is one of the types of a person's attitude to the world, it is such an important element that relates a person to the world around him, allows us to understand the laws of its functioning, and the absence of a generally accepted definition of this philosophical category and certain methodological approaches to solving its problems encourages its consideration and understanding.
Analysis of recent research and publications. The study of the problem of rationality was focused on by both foreign authors, such as M. Weber, L. Wittgenstein, Y. Habermas, R. Carnap, T. Kuhn, I. Lakatos, K. Popper, and domestic scientists, such as I. Bychko, V. Horsky, O. Moravetsky, V. Naumenko, I. Ogorodnyk, I. Palyvoda, M. Popovych, L. Ryzhko, and other researchers. The works of I. Antoshyna, O. Rubanets contain a logical and methodological consideration of rationality. The problem of typology of rationality was highlighted in the works of A. Kravchenko, M. Kolesnikov, A. Kolesnikova, O. Leontiev, V. Melnyk. The axiological aspect of rationality is considered in the works of V. Pyrozhenko, S. Yagodzinsky, etc. The fundamental philosophical provisions of the methodology of scientific knowledge were laid down by such scientists as: Aristotle, G. Galileo, M. Cusa, F. Bacon, R. Descartes, G. Leibniz, I. Kant, G. Hegel, K. Popper, I. Lakatos, etc. The works of prominent Ukrainian scientists: V. Vernadsky, M. Vasylenko, V. Kopnin, O. Levytsky are devoted to the study of theoretical aspects and the organization of scientific research. The scientific works of I. Klochkov, A. Konversky, O. Rubanets, S. Sumchenko, L. Shengerii are devoted to the issues of methodology of modern scientific research.
Research task. The purpose of the study is to consider the problem of rationality in a historical and philosophical context, to determine the nature, mechanisms of its development, different types of rationality in European philosophical thought. The study of the genesis of the idea of rationality in the context of the development of scientific knowledge will provide an opportunity to consider rationality as a form of thinking, both in philosophy and in science.
Main material presentation. Rationality has historically been viewed primarily as logical consistency, orderliness, compliance with the set goal, and productivity in scientific knowledge or practical activity. Considering rationality in general, they determine the ability of thinking to operate with concepts, to reflect the world intelligently. Scientific rationality is the activity of creating idealized objects that are recognized by science. In the socio-cultural aspect, rationality appears as a correspondence to the socio-cultural system in which the activity is carried out. The socio-cultural aspect of rationality is considered from the point of view of values, that is, rationality as a value, but rationality itself can also include value aspects, then we can talk about the axiological aspects of scientific rationality. So, rationality allows us to outline a certain commensurability of thinking and being, and its consideration in the socio-cultural dimension in modern philosophical discourse makes it possible to realize different types of rationality, such as scientific, practical, artistic, corresponding to different spheres of human social life - science, philosophy, art, politics, personal life.
Conclusions. The genesis of rationality originates from its understanding in Antiquity, it was addressed by philosophers of subsequent historical periods, and today, it is considered by scientists, and the complexity of its interpretation emphasizes the diversity of its forms. Philosophical understanding of the problem of scientific rationality is based on the concept of scientific truth, the most common concepts of its existence, the use of various methodological support for scientific research. Philosophy and science adhere to the logic of rational perception of the world, the main feature of rationality is the interpretation of being through reason, the determination of the laws of the existence of nature, man, society. Philosophy as reflective thinking, in which thought realizes itself in its attitude to reality, determines human self-affirmation in the world, and science as a purposeful activity, a powerful social institution, a component of industrial production and a set of fundamental research helps a person solve both theoretical problems and practical goals.
Keywords: rationality, thinking, man, world, cognition, logic, philosophy, activity, truth, classical and non-classical science, methodology, sociocultural dimension of rationality, value.
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