author: Oleksandr Levchuk
Relevance of the research. In the current context of democratic transformations, extremism is acquiring new forms and manifestations that pose a real threat to political stability, security, and the integrity of the state. Transitional societies are particularly vulnerable to radicalization due to institutional instability, social fragmentation, and increasing political conflict. Therefore, studying the mechanisms of state and civic counteraction to extremism is both relevant and essential for strengthening democratic institutions, preventing crisis phenomena, and ensuring sustainable development.
Problem statement. The issue of countering extremism lies in determining the optimal model of interaction between the state and civil society in the field of security, as well as in developing effective preventive strategies and comprehensive mechanisms for responding to radical manifestations. During a democratic transition, a number of challenges arise related to the simultaneous need to guarantee citizens’ rights and freedoms while protecting society from extremist risks.
Analysis of recent research and publications. In the scientific discourse, a wide range of approaches has been presented for defining the essence of extremism, analyzing the causes of radicalization, and examining counteraction mechanisms. In particular, researchers such as A. Chervonenko, E. Kharitonov, and V. Ilyin emphasize the socio-political factors behind the emergence of extremist movements, the role of state institutions in ensuring security, and the importance of developing civil society as a tool for preventing radical trends. The scholarly contributions of the international community are also significant; for example, the works of S. Huntington, M. Howard, and S. Levitsky are analyzed in the study. International experience demonstrates the effectiveness of comprehensive models that combine coercive, informational, and preventive measures.
Research task. The aim of the study is to identify the key mechanisms of state and civil society counteraction to extremism during periods of democratic transformation, assess their effectiveness, and substantiate the possibilities for adapting them to the current conditions in Ukraine.
Main material presentation. The article analyzes the nature and characteristics of extremism in transitional societies, highlighting the main sources of population radicalization and the factors contributing to its spread. It examines institutional mechanisms of state counteraction, including legal, coercive, informational, and organizational measures. Particular attention is given to the role of civil society, including non-governmental organizations, media, educational institutions, and volunteer networks, in processes aimed at preventing radicalization. International practices are analyzed, demonstrating the effectiveness of integrated approaches based on partnerships between state and non-state actors. The study emphasizes the need to balance security provision with adherence to democratic principles.
Conclusions. The proposed analysis allows us to assert that effective counteraction to extremism during periods of democratic transformation is possible only through harmonious interaction between the state and civil society. The combination of coercive, legal, and preventive measures, the improvement of communication mechanisms, and the enhancement of political culture and trust between authorities and citizens are key factors in strengthening the democratic order. Building a resilient system for countering extremism is a necessary condition for ensuring stability and protecting democratic institutions.
Keywords: extremism, democratic transition, political stability, civil society, radicalization, political mechanism, democracy, security.
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